ABSTRACT
The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the available literature on the essential oil from species of genus Cordia. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. The search was conducted on four databases: LILACS, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus until June 5th, 2020, with no time or language restrictions. Sixty out of the 1,333 initially gathered studies fit the inclusion criteria after the selection process. Nine species of Cordia were reported in the selected studies, out of which 79% of the evaluated studies reported essential oil from Cordia curassavica. The essential oil extraction methods identified were hydrodistillation and steam distillation. As for biological application, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, larvicidal and antioxidant activities were the most reported. The main compounds reported for essential oil were ß-caryophyllene, α-humulene, α-pinene, bicyclogermacrene, and sabinene. The information reported in this systematic review can contribute scientifically to the recognition of the importance of the genus Cordia.
El propósito de esta revisión sistemática fue identificar la literatura disponible sobre el aceite esencial de especies del género Cordia. Este estudio siguió los elementos de informe preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas. La búsqueda se realizó en cuatro bases de datos: LILACS, PubMed, Science Direct y Scopus hasta el 5 de junio de 2020, sin restricciones de tiempo ni de idioma. Sesenta de los 1.333 estudios reunidos inicialmente cumplieron los criterios de inclusión después del proceso de selección. Se informaron nueve especies de Cordia en los estudios seleccionados, de los cuales el 79% de los estudios evaluados informaron aceite esencial de Cordia curassavica. Los métodos de extracción de aceite esencial identificados fueron la hidrodestilación y la destilación al vapor. En cuanto a la aplicación biológica, las actividades antimicrobianas, antiinflamatorias, larvicidas y antioxidantes fueron las más reportadas. Los principales compuestos reportados para el aceite esencial fueron ß-cariofileno, α-humuleno, α-pineno, biciclogermacreno y sabineno. La información reportada en esta revisión sistemática puede contribuir científicamente al reconocimiento de la importancia del género Cordia.
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Cordia/chemistry , Sesquiterpenes/analysis , Distillation , Monoterpenes/analysisABSTRACT
The ethyl acetate part of the alcoholic extract of Cordia dichotoma fruits was purified by a combination of normal-phase silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC, and the structure was identified by modern spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, MS, NMR). A total of 10 compounds were isolated and identified as cordilide (1), (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid (2), vanillic acid (3), p-coumaric acid (4), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propan-1-one (5), benzoic acid (6), p-hydroxypropiophenone (7), p-hydroxyacetophenone (8), 5′-methoxyevofolin B (9) and vanillin (10). Among them, compound 1 is a pair of new phenylpropanoid enantiomers, and compounds 3, 6, 8 and 9 were isolated for the first time from the genus.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The litterfall and decomposition represent the main transfer of organic matter and nutrients from the vegetation to the soil surface and determine positive trajectories in the process of rehabilitating and restoring degraded ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contributions of organic materials and nutrients through the characterization of fine litter in an urban dry forest fragment. Litter production was monitored for one year by collecting 29 traps (0.5 m2). To evaluate leaf nutrient resorption, green leaves were collected from 5-10 individuals that represented the dominant tree species. Litter-bags (20 x 20 cm, 2 mm pore) were used for six months to evaluate the decomposition of leaf litter. Annual fine litter production was found to be 8 574 kg ha-1, with the Cordia alba species contributing the most leaf litter (1 134 kg ha-1) and nutrients (N: 6.16; P: 0.21; Ca: 4.72; Mg: 0.47; K: 1.27 kg ha-1). Decomposition rates (k constant) followed the decreasing order: C. alba (k: 4.6) > Machaerium milleflorum (k: 3.5). M. milleflorum and Albizia niopoides presented a pattern of rapid N and P release in the first 30 days, with more than 80 % and 60 % released from M. milleflorum and C. alba, respectively, by the end of the experiment. The litterfall monitoring carried out in this urban dry forest fragment revealed some important aspects of the functioning of an ecosystem as seriously threatened as the tropical dry forest. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 571-585. Epub 2018 June 01.
Resumen La caída de hojarasca y su descomposición representan la principal transferencia de materia orgánica y nutrientes desde la vegetación a la superficie del suelo y determinan trayectorias positivas en el proceso de rehabilitación y restauración de ecosistemas degradados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los aportes de materiales orgánicos y nutrientes a través de la caracterización de la hojarasca fina en un fragmento de bosque seco urbano. La producción de hojarasca fina se monitoreó durante un año mediante 29 trampas (0.5 m2). Para evaluar la reabsorción de nutrientes foliares, se recogieron hojas verdes de 5-10 individuos que representaban las especies arbóreas dominantes. Bolsas de descomposición (20 x 20 cm, 2 mm de poro) fueron usadas durante seis meses para evaluar la descomposición de la hojarasca foliar. La producción de hojarasca fina anual fue de 8 574 kg ha-1. La especie Cordia alba presentó los mayores aportes de hojarasca foliar (1 134 kg ha-1) y nutrientes (N: 6.16; P: 0.21; Ca: 4.72; Mg: 0.47; K: 1.27 kg ha -1). Las tasas de descomposición (constante k) siguieron el orden decreciente: C. alba (k: 4.6)> Machaerium milleflorum (k: 3.5). M. milleflorum y Albizia niopoides presentaron un patrón de liberación rápido de N y P en los primeros 30 días, con más del 80 % y 60 % de M. milleflorum y C. alba, respectivamente, al final del experimento. El monitoreo de la caída de hojarasca llevado a acabo en este fragmento de bosque seco urbano reveló algunos aspectos importantes del funcionamiento de un ecosistema tan seriamente amenazado como es el bosque seco tropical.
Subject(s)
Biodegradation, Environmental , Plant Leaves , Biogeochemical Cycle/analysis , Organic Matter/analysis , Environmental Restoration and RemediationABSTRACT
The native species Cordia lutea, is used in Peru by folk medicine in the treatment of liver diseases such as jaundice and others. From fluid extract of the flowers, flavonoid quercetin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside (rutin) was isolated and identified. The relative purity was assay by HPLC and structural elucidation using 1H and 13C NMR spectral data in comparison with literature. Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside (rutin), was the major component of the fluid extract obtained from C. lutea flowers, with a relative purity, after crystallization, of 97.55% and 8% yield from the extract. As a conclusion for this investigation, it is important to note, that with the fluid extract from the flowers of C. lutea it is possible the isolation of the flavonoid quercetin-3-O-rhamno glucoside (rutin) with high purity and yield. This compound was not previously described in the flowers of this plant species.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract from Cordia dichotoma (C.dichotoma) fruits in-vitro and their effect on nutritional parameters in rats fed on high-fat diet.Methods: In-vitro antioxidant capacity of C. dichotoma extract were evaluated and compared to two standard materials, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. Metabolic experiments were set out using rats fed on high-fat diet. The extract was tested with two dosages: 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg body weight/ day for four weeks. Lipid constituents of diet and faeces and lipid profile of serum and liver were determined. Results: The administration of the C. dichotoma extract with two dosages caused a significant improvement in the lipid metabolism of rats, compared to the hyperlipidemic control which showed significant disturbance in lipid profile. C. dichotoma extract reduced total body weight gain and total feed intake, and enhanced the fresh and dry weight of faecal excretion. The superior effect was recorded with the high dosage of extract. C. dichotoma minimized fat and cholesterol intake significantly and maximized those in faecal excretions in comparison with hyperlipidemic control values, and low dosage was better than the high one. C.dichotoma extract at two dosages normalized the lipid profile of the serum and liver compared with hyperlipidemic control. Conclusions: The protective effect of C. dichotoma extract against hyperlipidemia may be attributed to the reduced ability of an animal to ingest and absorb fat and cholesterol, and enhanced ability to get rid of them in faecal excretion.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract from Cordia dichotoma (C. dichotoma) fruits in-vitro and their effect on nutritional parameters in rats fed on high-fat diet. Methods: In-vitro antioxidant capacity of C. dichotoma extract were evaluated and compared to two standard materials, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. Metabolic experiments were set out using rats fed on high-fat diet. The extract was tested with two dosages: 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg body weight/ day for four weeks. Lipid constituents of diet and faeces and lipid profile of serum and liver were determined. Results: The administration of the C. dichotoma extract with two dosages caused a significant improvement in the lipid metabolism of rats, compared to the hyperlipidemic control which showed significant disturbance in lipid profile. C. dichotoma extract reduced total body weight gain and total feed intake, and enhanced the fresh and dry weight of faecal excretion. The superior effect was recorded with the high dosage of extract. C. dichotoma minimized fat and cholesterol intake significantly and maximized those in faecal excretions in comparison with hyperlipidemic control values, and low dosage was better than the high one. C. dichotoma extract at two dosages normalized the lipid profile of the serum and liver compared with hyperlipidemic control. Conclusions: The protective effect of C. dichotoma extract against hyperlipidemia may be attributed to the reduced ability of an animal to ingest and absorb fat and cholesterol, and enhanced ability to get rid of them in faecal excretion.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY Cordia dendata Poir, Heliotropium indicum Linn and Momordica charantia Linn are used for treatment of the most common human diseases and health disorders in folk medicine of the population from the northern Colombian coast. In this study, chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract and fractions from C. dentata, H. indicum and M. charantia were investigated. The chemical constituents of qualitative detection were examined by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The antibacterial activity was determined by agar gel diffusion and broth microdilution method. The main identified compounds were flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins and coumarins. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 31.25 to 1000 µg /mL for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. These results indicated that ethanol extract and fractions from C. dentata, H. indicum and M. charantia significantly inhibited the growth of standard strains. Potent antibacterial activities of C. dentata, H. indicum and M. charantia may be considered in future study, particularly against antibiotic-resistant cases.
RESUMEN Cordia dendata Poir, Heliotropium indicum Linn y Momordica charantia Linn son usadas para el tratamiento de las enfermedades más comunes y trastornos de salud en la medicina popular de la población de la costa norte de Colombia. En este estudio se investigó la composición química y la actividad antibacterial de los extractos etanólicos y fracciones de C. dentata, H. indicum y M. charantia. Los constituyentes químicos se examinaron por detección cualitativa cromatografía de capa fina (TLC, por sus siglas en inglés). La actividad antibacterial se determinó por difusión en agar y microdilución en caldo. Los mayores compuestos identificados fueron flavonoides, glucósidos cardiotónicos, alcaloides, saponinas, terpenoides, taninos y cumarinas. La concentración inhibitoria mínima (MIC, por sus siglas en inglés) fue de 31,25 a 1000 /µg/mL para bacterias Gram-positivas y Gram-negativas, respectivamente. Estos resultados indican que el extracto etanólico y las fracciones de C. dentata, H. indicum y M. charantia inhibieron de manera significa el crecimiento de las cepas estándar. La potente actividad antibacterial de C. dentata, H. indicum y M. charantia puede considerarse en posteriores estudios, en particular frente a casos de antibióticos resistentes.
ABSTRACT
Increased fructose ingestion has been linked to obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension associated with metabolic syndrome. Cordia boissieri A. DC. (Boraginaceae) is a slow growing beautiful plant, used traditionally as herbal remedy by diabetic Hispanic women in the Southwestern USA. The present study aimed to elucidate the toxicity and the possible protective effect of ethyl acetate extract of C. boissieri leaves on metabolic syndrome. Three groups of rats were fed on fructose-enriched diet for 14 weeks. One group served as fructose-enriched diet control, while the remaining groups were treated with metformin (10 mg/kg/day) and ethyl acetate extract (200 mg/kg/day) during the last 4 weeks. A fourth group was fed on normal laboratory diet. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were withdrawn for the estimation of metabolic syndrome-related markers and liver samples were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Induction of metabolic syndrome using fructose enriched diet was associated with increased weight gain coupled with elevated levels of blood glucose, insulin, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor in addition to, decreased level of glutathione (GSH). Four-weeks oral administration of ethyl acetate extract attenuated most of the changes associated with metabolic syndrome as marked by improved insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, kidney function, lipid profiles and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. The present study provides evidence of the potential protective effect of C. boissieri against metabolic syndrome.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this present study was to develop and evaluate transdermal films of alfuzosin hydrochloride for controlled release at a predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time and assessment of film forming ability Cordia dichotoma fruit mucilage using alfuzosin as drug of choice. The films of alfuzosin were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. The formulations, from F1 to F3 contain Cordia dichotoma fruit mucilage (CDFM; 8%, 12% and 16%) and the formulations, from F4 to F6 contain CDFM along with sodium alginate (125 mg, 150 mg and 175 mg). Glycerin and propylene glycol were used as plasticizer; span-80 used as permeation enhancer; methyl paraben and propyl paraben were used as preservatives (in case of plant mucilage as polymer) in all the formulations. Fourier transform infra red spectral analysis studies showed that there is no drug polymer incompatibility. The films of alfuzosin were prepared by using different polymers such as C. dichotoma and also in combination with sodium alginate that had shown good results for all the evaluated parameters within the range. In vitro drug release studies had shown that the maximum release of drug was observed for F3 formulation was 91.87 ± 1.34 at 24 hrs and F6 formulation was 99.62 ± 0.14 at 24 hrs. The concentration of CDFM is increased from 8% to 16% that leads to enhancement of dissolution rate. In-vitro drug release studies of optimized formulations, F3 formulation followed first order and F6 formulation followed zero order kinetics. The obtained results were concluded that CDFM have good film forming ability alone and combination with sodium alginate.
ABSTRACT
La asociación de las tres plantas ha sido aprobada por la Institución de Salud en Canadá, bajo la forma de extracto lioilizado, la cual ha demostrado poseer efectos terapéuticos. Objetivos: Determinar la seguridad de la asociación del extracto atomizado del rizoma de Curcuma longa (A4R); lores de Cordia lutea (A4F) y hojas de Annona muricata (A4L) a una dosis repetida durante 28 días por vía oral en ratas. Materiales y métodos: Diseño experimental, se utilizaron 40 ratas Holtzman (20 machos 20 hembras); se siguió las directrices o normas de la Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Norma 407; se administró el extracto atomizado durante 28 días por vía oral, se realizaron las observaciones, registro de signos y evolución semanal del peso corporal de los animales; al final, se extrajo muestra de sangre para estudio hematológico y bioquímico; posteriormente, fueron sacrificados para estudio anatomopatológico de hígado, riñón, corazón, médula, cerebro, páncreas, y bazo; se aplicó el ANOVA, considerando el valor p<0,05 para la significancia. Resultados: Al administrar la asociación en forma de extracto atomizado, se observó una evolución temporal homogénea del peso corporal. No hubo variación significativa en los niveles de glucemia, urea, colesterol, triglicéridos, bilirrubina indirecta, transaminasas (GPT GOT), fosfatasa alcalina ni hemoglobina (p>0,05); Conclusiones: Los hallazgos demuestran que el extracto atomizado del rizoma de Curcuma longa (A4R), las flores de Cordia lutea (A4F) y las hojas de Annona muricata (A4L) no es toxico en ratas, al ser administrado por un periodo de 28 días.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Curcuma/toxicity , Annona/toxicity , Cordia/toxicity , Plants, Medicinal , Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Objetivos: Determinar la seguridad de la asociación del extracto atomizado del rizoma de Curcuma longa (A4R), flores de Cordia lutea (A4F) y hojas de Annona muricata (A4L) a una dosis repetida durante 90 días por vía oral en ratas. Material y métodos: Diseño experimental, se utilizaron 108 ratas Holtzman (54 machos 54 hembras) y se administró el extracto atomizado durante 90 días por vía oral, se realizaron las observaciones, registro de signos y evolución cada 30 días del peso corporal de los animales; al final, se extrajo muestra de sangre para estudio hematológico, hepático, lipídico y antioxidante, se aplicó la prueba ANOVA, considerando el valor p<0,05 para la significancia. Resultados: La asociación de extracto atomizado (ALC) evidenció un incremento significativo del peso para el grupo ALC 200 mg/kg; en las ratas macho a partir de los 30 días (p<0,01) y en ratas hembra a partir de los 60 días (p<0,01) manteniendo dicho patrón a los 90 días. Todos los valores hematológicos y bioquímicos durante los 90 días se mantuvieron dentro de parámetros permitidos. Se observó un incremento en la actividad de la superoxido dismutasa (SOD) desde los primeros 30 días y manteniendo el mismo hasta el final, independientemente del género (p<0,05). Conclusión: Los hallazgos demuestran que el extracto atomizado del rizoma de Curcuma longa (A4R), flores de Cordia lutea (A4F) y hojas de Annona muricata (A4L) no produce toxicidad al ser administrado por un periodo de 90 días en ratas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Curcuma , Annona , Cordia , Models, Animal , ToxicityABSTRACT
ABSTRACTSpecies of the genus Cordia, Boraginaceae, are widely studied with regard to the various ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological aspects. They are found principally in tropical and subtropical regions of the American, Asian and African continents, where they occur in various countries. In the genus Cordia, there are many species cultivated for ornamental plants, wood and medicinal applications, where they are extensively utilized by traditional communities. In the last decades, scientific studies of Cordia species have intensified, demonstrating the great interest in phytochemical, biological and pharmacological studies. In this review, we describe the principal botanical aspects, ethnopharmacological information and evaluation of the bioactive and pharmacological properties of Cordia, its phytochemical constituents and the most common classes of secondary metabolites identified. The information reported in this work contributes scientifically to recognizing the importance of the genus Cordia as a target in the search for new biotechnological investments.
ABSTRACT
Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of Cordia dichotoma G. Forst led to the isolation of β- sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6'-O-palmitate (1), nervonyl 4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate ester (2), β-sitosterol (3), and chlorophyll a (4) from the leaves; and 4 and 1,2-dilinoleoyl-3-linolenoylglycerol (5) from the twigs. The structures of 1-5 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature. The fatty acids in 1, 2 and 5 were deduced from ESI-MS data.
ABSTRACT
Las plantas contienen numerosos activos hidratantes, nutritivos, antioxidantes, suavizantes y estimulantes, ya sea en la corteza, en las hojas, en la raíz o en los granos. Los avances en materia de extracción y evaluación de los activos vegetales han sido realmente notables en la última década. El proyecto 'Agrocos', financiado con 2,9 millones de euros por la UE, está rastreando el mundo vegetal para encontrar sustitutivos naturales de los ingredientes sintéticos que se utilizan actualmente en los cosméticos. La especie Cordia lutea L. (Muyuyo, nombre originario de la zona litoral, peninsular de la Provincia del Guayas); está dentro de los arbustos que usualmente florecen en condiciones normales en zonas de clima cálido. Es decir, aquellas zonas con inviernos más o menos suaves, libres de frío y de vientos salinos. El muyuyo tiene muchas propiedades medicinales desde la flores, hojas, y frutos. Es conocido que la goma del fruto se la usa como goma arábiga, y para fijar el cabello. De acuerdo a las investigaciones realizadas sobre la composición química del fruto del muyuyo, nos encontramos que; es desconocida, de ahí que nace la importancia y se plantea en realizar su primer estudio fitoquímico, identificándose los metabolitos secundarios como: Lactonas, catequinas, azúcares reductores, saponinas, fenoles, taninos, aminoácidos y mucílagos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Boraginaceae/chemistry , Cosmetics , Hair Preparations , Plants, MedicinalABSTRACT
Objective To extract high quality genomic DNA of Cordia dicholoma seeds by using different methods;To provide references for researches on genomic DNA of Cordia dicholoma seeds. Methods Genomic DNA of Cordia dicholoma seeds was extracted through improved CTAB method and improved SDS method. Purity and concentration of obtained DNA were detected by spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. Results The results of spectrophotometry showed that the purity of genomic DNA obtained through improved CTAB method was better than improved SDS method. Genomic DNA extracted through improved CTAB method was without protein and RNA pollution. The results of agarose gel electrophoresis showed that electrophoresis of genomic DNA obtained through the two methods both had the main belt. However, genomic DNA extracted through improved SDS method degraded more than improved CTAB method. Conclusion Improved CTAB method can obtain relatively high quality genomic DNA of Cordia dicholoma seeds.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Neste estudo, uma técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta resolução em fase reversa (CLAE-FR) para a determinação de ácido rosmarínico em Cordia verbenacea foi desenvolvida e validada. A análise de regressão foi avaliada, com observação de uma boa linearidade (r = 0,9997). Os valores obtidos para a precisão e exatidão estão de acordo com as diretrizes do ICH e com a legislação brasileira. Os valores de repetibilidade e precisão intermediária foram 2,79% e 4,76%, respectivamente. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação de ácido rosmarínico foram de 1,92 µg/mL e 5,81 µg/mL, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que o método desenvolvido é uma técnica por CLAE-FR de confiança para a determinação de ácido rosmarínico em tintura de C. verbenacea. Além disso, essa metodologia foi aplicada em estudo sazonal, que revela uma correlação positiva relativamente forte entre o período de chuvas e o teor de ácido rosmarínico.
ABSTRACT In this study, a reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique for determination of rosmarinic acid in the Cordia verbenacea was developed and validated. A regression analysis was performed, with the observation of good linearity (r =0.999949). The values obtained for precision and accuracy determination are in agreement with ICH guidelines and the Brazilian legislation. The values of repeatability and intermediate precision were 2.79% and 4.76%, respectively. The detection and the quantitation limits of the rosmarinic acid were 1.92 µg/mL and 5.81 µg/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated that the developed method is a reliable RP-HPLC technique for the determination of rosmarinic acid in C. verbenacea tincture. In addition, this methodology was applied at a seasonal study indicating relatively strong positive correlation between the rain period and the rosmarinic acid content.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Cordia/classification , Plants, Medicinal/classification , SeasonsABSTRACT
Light can act on essential oil yield directly on synthesis of secondary metabolites, or indirectly on plant growth. Varronia curassavica Jacq., Boraginaceae, is a native medicinal species from Brazil known as “erva-baleeira”, with anti-inflammatory activity related to its essential oil. Despite pharmacological evidences of this species and its economic importance for herbal medicine production, little is known about the effect of light on growth and essential oil production. This study aimed to analyze the influence of different irradiances on growth, frequency of trichomes, essential oil yield and composition of V. curassavica. The irradiance affected plant growth, but no significant alteration on leaf biomass was detected. The increase in essential oil content under higher irradiance reflected on essential oil yield, and is associated with higher frequency of glandular, globular trichomes. The essential oil composition, rich in caryophyllene derivatives was affected by irradiance, but α-humulene, the constituent of pharmaceutical interest, remained unchanged.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: la leishmaniasis constituye un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. En Colombia, la forma clínica cutánea tiene la mayor incidencia y es causada principalmente por especies de Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis. Dado que los tratamientos disponibles para esta enfermedad resultan ineficaces, es necesaria la búsqueda de nuevos agentes terapéuticos en especies vegetales utilizadas por la medicina popular. Objetivo: evaluar el perfil fitoquímico, la actividad hemolítica, citotóxica y anti-Leishmania in vitro de extractos y fracciones provenientes de hojas de Cordia dentata y Heliotropium indicum. Métodos: al extracto etanólico total y fracciones obtenidas de hojas de C. dentata y H. indicum, se les realizó perfil fitoquímico, determinación de actividad hemolítica, efecto tóxico en larvas de Artemia salina y sobre la línea celular promonocítica humana U937 (CRL-1593.2™), así como también, la actividad anti-Leishmania sobre amastigotes intracelulares de L. (V.) panamensis (MHOM/CO/87/UA140) transfectados con Green Fluoresence Protein. Resultados: los extractos y fracciones de ambas especies no exhibieron actividad hemolítica en las condiciones evaluadas. Las fracciones de H. indicum fueron más tóxicas que las de C. dentata frente a larvas de A. salina y células U937. La actividad de la fracción de diclorometano de H. indicum (Hi-I-5B) sobre los amastigotes intracelulares está fuertemente relacionada con la presencia de alcaloides. Conclusiones: el extracto etanólico de las hojas de H. indicum exhibe propiedades antileishmaniales, a diferencia de la especie C. dentata, por lo que se podría pensar que la primera especie vegetal, representa una fuente potencial de moléculas útiles en el tratamiento de leishmaniasis cutánea.
Introduction: leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem worldwide. In Colombia, its cutaneous clinical form has the greatest incidence, and is mainly caused by species of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis. Given the ineffectiveness of the available treatments, it is necessary to find new therapeutic agents in plant species used in folk medicine. Objective: evaluate the phytochemical profile and the hemolytic, cytotoxic and antileishmanial in vitro activity of extracts and fractions from leaves of Cordia dentata and Heliotropium indicum. Methods: the total ethanolic extract and fractions obtained from leaves of C. dentata and H. indicum underwent phytochemical profiling and determination of their hemolytic activity, toxic effect on Artemia salina larvae and on human promonocytic cell line U937 (CRL-1593.2™), as well as their antileishmanial activity against intracellular amastigotes of L. (V.) panamensis (MHOM/CO/87/UA140) transfected with Green Fluorescence Protein. Results: hemolytic activity was not observed in the extracts and fractions from either species under the study conditions. H. indicum fractions were more toxic than C. dentata fractions against A. salina larvae and U937 cells. Activity of the H. indicum dichloromethane fraction (Hi-I-5B) on intracellular amastigotes is closely related to the presence of alkaloids. Conclusions: the ethanolic extract from H. indicum leaves has antileishmanial properties, unlike the extract from the species C. dentata. This suggests that the former plant species is a rich potential source of molecules useful for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: leave decoction of Cordia martinicensis (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. is commonly used in Dominica, Martinique and St. Lucia to relieve thoracic pain and fever. OBJECTIVES: to validate the antiinflammatory, antinociceptive (analgesic), and antipyretic ethnobotanical uses of Cordia martinicensis in experimental animal models. METHODS: 30 % aqueous extract of Cordia martinicensis dry leaves was prepared just before use. Analgesic activity was assayed by writhing and tail flick, and antiinflammatory activity by the ear oedema test, both in mice. Finally, antipyretic activity was tested by inducing pyrexia with brewer's yeast in rats. RESULTS: decoction of Cordia martinicensis significantly decreased the number of abdominal stretchings by 44.4 %, but it didn't produce a significant antinociceptive response to thermal stimuli. It also displayed strong antiinflammatory activity, the percentage of inhibition was near 60 %, and a dose of 5 mg/kg showed significant antipyretic activity. Cordia martinicensis reacted positively to alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanidines, and did not show any signs of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: this is the first report on the activity of Cordia martinicensis directly related to its popular use, and it provides pharmacological validation for the relief of fever, inflammation and pain. Further studies should be done to identify the active principles responsible for the biological activity of the plant.
INTRODUCCIÓN: la decocción de hojas de Cordia martinicensis (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. muestra un uso tradicional significativo para el alivio del dolor torácico y la fiebre, por parte de la población de Dominica, Martinica y Santa Lucía. OBJETIVOS: validar el uso etnobotánico de Cordia martinicensis en esta región, como antiinflamatorio, antinociceptivo (analgésico) y antipirético, en modelos experimentales en animales. MÉTODOS: el extracto acuoso al 30 % de hojas secas de Cordia martinicensis se preparó justo antes de ser usado. La actividad analgésica fue estudiada mediante el modelo de contorciones abdominales y retirada de la cola en ratones. El efecto antiinflamatorio se evaluó sobre el edema en la oreja del ratón inducido por aceite de Croton.Finalmente, la actividad antipirética del extracto se evaluó mediante la inducción de fiebre en ratas por levadura de cerveza. RESULTADOS: la decocción de Cordia martinicensis disminuyó significativamente el número de contorciones abdominales en 44.4 %, pero no la respuesta al estímulo térmico; en edema en la oreja inhibió la inflamación 60 %, tanto tópico como oral. Resultó capaz de disminuir la fiebre a dosis de 5 mg/kg. Cordia martinicensis contiene alcaloides, flavonoides, taninos, y antocyanidinas y no mostró señales de toxicidad. CONCLUSIONES: constituye el primer estudio de validación del uso tradicional de Cordia martinicensis, avalando el uso farmacológico en procesos de fiebre, dolor e inflamación. Es necesario continuar los estudios fitoquímicos para determinar los principios activos responsables de su actividad biológica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cordia , Antipyretics/therapeutic use , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The people of San Rafael Coxcatlán use Cordia curassavica to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. The aim of this work was to investigate the temporal variation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of C. curassavica in two seasons of the year (dry and rainy). The essential oil of aerial parts was obtained by steam distillation, 12 and 17 compounds were identified for dry and rainy seasons respectively by GC-MS. The major component was for the dry season 1,7,7-trimethyl tricyclo (2.2.1.0(2,6)) heptane (20.3 percent), and for the rainy season was germacrene (24.41 percent). The antibacterial activity of essential oils varies temporarily because was active in nine strains in the dry season and four in the wet. The more sensitive strains were Stapahylococcus epidermidis and Vibrio cholera. The essential oil obtained in dry season presented a MIC of 0.75 and 0.125 mg/mL, and for the rainy season a MIC of 1.00 and 0.375 mg/mL respectively. Rhizoctonia solani was the more sensitive fungi strain (IC25 0.1300 mg/mL) in the rainy season. These results show that the chemical composition and biological properties of essential oil of the C. curassavica have temporal variation.
La población de San Rafael para tratar padecimientos gastrointestinales y respiratorios emplean Cordia curassavica. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue investigar la variación temporal de la composición química y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de C. curassavica colectada en dos épocas del año (sequía y lluvias). El aceite esencial se obtuvo mediante la técnica de arrastre de vapor y los componentes se identificaron por CG-MS. En la época de secas se detectaron 12 compuestos y 17 en la de lluvias. El principal componente para la época de secas fue el 1,7,7 trimetil triciclo (2.2.1.0(2,6)) heptano (20.3 por ciento) y para la temporada de lluvias fue el germacrano (24.41 por ciento). La actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial varía temporalmente porque fue activo sobre nueve cepas en la época seca y sobre cuatro cepas en la época lluviosa. Las cepas más sensibles para ambas estaciones fueron Stapahylococcus epidermidis y Vibrio cholerae. En la época de seca, el aceite esencial presentó la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de 0.75 y 0.125mg/mL, mientras que en la época de lluvias fueron de 1.00 y 0.375 mg/mL respectivamente. La cepa fúngica más sensible fue Rhizoctonia solani (IC25 0.130 mg/mL) en la época de lluvia. Estos resultados muestran que la composición química y las propiedades biológicas de los aceites esenciales de Cordia curassavica varian de acuerdo a la época del año.